30.09.2007 23:10

In August 1931, on the orders of Heinrich Himmler, the intelligence department "1C" was created within the SS, headed by 27-year-old Reinhard Heydrich. The department was engaged in surveillance of both political opponents, Jews, and members of the NSDAP, as well as ordinary citizens who could be useful to the party or the SS. A separate card was created for everyone who was being followed. The entire card index was divided into categories: communists, Catholics, aristocrats, Jews, masons and national socialists with a "dark past", and for those who fell into several categories at once, a special "poison" box was assigned.

In 1932, Department 1C was renamed the Security Service of the Reichsführer SS (Sicherheitsdienst des RfSS, abbreviated as SD). On June 9, 1934, all other intelligence agencies of the NSDAP were included in the SD, and by decree of Rudolf Hess, the SD was declared the only intelligence service of the party.

Reichsführer-SS Main Security Office

The Reichsführer SS Main Security Office (Sicherheitshauptamt RfSS) was finally formed in 1935 and became the central department of the SD, which was engaged in the collection and analysis of information about the domestic and foreign political situation. In September 1939, the RSHA was organized on its basis. From 1932 to 1939, Reinhard Heydrich was the head of the department.

Reich Security Main Office (RSHA)

The Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) was formed on September 27, 1939, as a result of the merger of the Reichsführer SS Main Security Office and the Security Police Main Office, established in 1935 and 1936 respectively. The designation "RSHA" was semi-official and was used almost exclusively in the internal documentation of the SS, and neither in the press nor in correspondence with other organizations was it officially called, and its chief continued to be called "chief of the security police and SD."

The RSHA became a real apparatus of unlimited power, inspiring fear and horror not only in the country itself, but also beyond its borders. The RSHA was responsible for the national security of Nazi Germany, controlling all intelligence agencies operating in the Third Reich. It carried out intelligence and counterintelligence operations, the scope of its activities included the fight against crime, the study of public opinion, surveillance of "dissenters", etc.

From the moment of formation until June 4, 1942, the head of the RSHA was SS Obergruppenführer and Police General Reinhard Heydrich. After his death and until January 30, 1943, the RSHA was personally headed by the Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler, and from 1943 until the end of the war, SS Obergruppenführer, Police General and General of the SS Troops Ernst Kaltenbrunner was the chief of the Imperial Security Main Office.

Below is the organization of the RSHA as of 1945.

I Office of the RSHA (Personnel)

The RSHA personnel service, the department dealt with personnel issues, professional and sports training of RSHA employees, investigation of service crimes, etc. Heads of the I Directorate: SS Oberführer Karl Rudolf Werner Best (from the moment of creation until July 1940), SS Obergruppenführer, Police General and SS Troops Bruno Streckenbach (from July 1940 to January 1943), SS Brigadeführer and Police Major General Erwin Schulz (until April 1944), SS-Oberführer Erich Erlinger (until May 1945), SS-Standartenfuehrer Frake Grikske.

II Office of the RSHA (Organization, administration, law)

The Administrative and Economic Directorate of the RSHA (created on the basis of Directorate I after the reorganization of the RSHA in 1941), was responsible for maintaining the entire accounting department of the Main Directorate of Imperial Security, supply and technical support, organizing other departments of the RSHA, legal and legal issues. Heads of the II Office of the RSHA: SS Oberfuehrer Werner Best (until July 1940), then SS Standartenfuehrer Hans Nockemann (actually until June 1941), SS Standartenfuehrer Rudolf Siegert (until January 1943), SS Standartenfuehrer Kurt Pritzel (until June 1944), SS Standartenfuehrer Josef Spacil.

III Office of the RSHA (Internal Department of the SD)

The internal department of the SD, the organ of the party, the official name is the Security Service / Germany (Sicherheitsdients / Deutschland, SD). He was engaged in the study and supervision of all spheres of German public life, the service was also engaged in the study of ideological opponents and the development of a strategy to deal with them, as well as compiling reports on the mood of the population, the material for which was supplied by numerous informants. The reports were regularly transmitted to the top leaders of the NSDAP and the state, and were the only objective source of information about the real situation in the country. However, under pressure from the party nomenclature, which did not like the interference of the SD in its affairs, Himmler in 1944 was forced to ban the compilation of reports, and the functionaries of the NSDAP, the Labor Front and other party organizations a year earlier were forbidden to cooperate with the SD.

The main territorial unit of the SD was the section (SD-Oberabschnitt), which was divided into several subsections (SD-Unterabschnitt). In 1939, the sections were renamed main (lead) sections (SD-Leitabschnitt) and the sub-sections were renamed sections (SD-Abschnitt). The headquarters of the main SD sections were located in the same place as the main branches of the secret state police (Stapo-Leitstellen), and the headquarters of the SD sections were located in the same place as the branches of the secret state police (Stapo-Stellen). These regional branches received direct orders from the Chief of the Security Police and SD in Berlin, but they also reported to the inspectors of the Security Police and SD (Inspekteur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD; IdS). In the occupied countries, local SD units coordinated with Security Police units under the Commanders of the Security Police and SD (Kommandeur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD; KdS), who reported to the Commander of the Security Police and SD (Befehlshaber der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD; BdS), who answered directly to Chief of the Security Police and SD in Berlin.

The permanent head of the III Office of the RSHA was SS Gruppenführer and Police Lieutenant General Otto Ohlendorf. By the end of the war, there were 300-400 employees in the central administrative apparatus, and, taking into account the local bodies of the SD, about 25,000-30,000 people.

IV Directorate of the RSHA (Secret State Police, Gestapo)

The main task of the Secret State Police or Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei, Gestapo) was to search for opponents of the Nazi regime and fight them, and counterintelligence and border guards were also the main tasks of the IV Directorate of the RSHA. The Gestapo had an extensive network throughout the Third Reich, there were several main types of local organizations: the main branches of the Gestapo (Staatspolizeileitstellen), the Gestapo branches (Staatspolizeistellen) and the commissariats of the Gestapo and the border police (Stapo-Grenzpolizei-Kommissariate). By the end of the war, the total strength of the Secret State Police had reached 45,000. The permanent chief of the IV Directorate of the RSHA was SS Gruppenführer and Police Lieutenant General Heinrich Müller.

V Directorate of the RSHA (Criminal Police, Kripo)

The tasks of the Imperial Criminal Police Department or Kripo (Kriminalpolizei, Kripo) included the search and prevention of criminal offenses, investigation, as well as the training of professional personnel. The entire extensive network of local criminal police bodies was divided into main departments (Kripo-Leitstellen) and departments (Kripo-Stellen), in addition, criminal police departments (Saatliche Kriminalabteilungen) operated in Germany, which were organizationally part of the land administrations (Landesamt), local police departments (Polizeiamt), police directorates (Polizeidirektion) and police presidiums (Polizeipraesidium), in all these departments, departments and departments, by the end of the war, about 12,000-15,000 employees worked. The leaders of the V Directorate of the RSHA were SS Gruppenführer and Police Lieutenant General, Reichscriminal Director Arthur Nöbe (from the day of foundation until July 20, 1944), and after July 1944 - SS Oberführer and Police Colonel Friedrich Panzinger.

VI Directorate of the RSHA (External Department of the SD)

The external department of the SD, the organ of the party, the official name of the department is the Security Service / Abroad (Sicherheitsdienst / Ausland). She was engaged in political intelligence and counterintelligence, the formation of "fifth columns" abroad, as well as sabotage activities. The number of directors is about 400 employees, the youngest and most educated department of the RSHA, about 45% of the employees were born from 1902 to 1909, and 80% of the employees had a higher education. Heads of the VI Directorate of the RSHA: SS Brigadeführer and Police Major General Heinz Jost (from the day of foundation until June 22, 1941), SS Brigadeführer, Police Major General and Major General of the SS Troops Walter Schellenberg.

VII Office of the RSHA (Research and analysis of worldviews, archive)

VII Office of the RSHA (until the reorganization of the RSHA in 1941 - II Office) was engaged in the study and fight against enemy ideology, preparing reports for other departments of the RSHA, maintaining written documentation and was a kind of ideological expert center. Heads of department: SS Oberführer Alfred Franz Sieks (until September 1942), SS Obersturmbannführer Paul Dittel.

VIII RSHA Directorate (Government Communications)

There are no indisputable facts confirming the existence of the VIII Directorate of the RSHA, but according to indirect data, we can conclude that this department was engaged in ensuring uninterrupted communications between the highest state authorities, and above all the Fuhrer's Headquarters. After the assassination attempt on Hitler in July 1944, it turned out that the connection with the headquarters was in the hands of the conspirators, which made it possible for them to cut it off from the outside world. Naturally, the leadership of the Third Reich tried to protect itself from this in the future and transferred control of government communication lines to the Imperial Security Main Directorate.

One of the indirect confirmation of the existence and specialization of the VIII Office of the RSHA is the fact that in the "List of ranks of the SS" (Dienstaltersliste, DAL) for November 1944, SS Standartenführer Richard Sansoni is listed as "Chief Amt VIII of the RSHA" (Chef Amt VIII / SS-RSHA ). Sansoni, on the other hand, was a specialist in communications, at various times he served as commander of the 2nd communications company of the "Dead Head" units, the 3rd communications battalion of the 3rd division of the "Dead Head" SS Troops, the reserve SS communications regiment, and Since August 28, 1944, Standartenführer Richard Sansoni has been the chief of the VIII Directorate of the RSHA.

Military Directorate of the RSHA (Former Abwehr, Abwehr)

In January 1944, after the discovery of the case of the "anti-fascist circle" in the Gestapo, in which military intelligence officers (Abwehr) were involved, and after a series of failures of Abwehr agents and the transfer of some of them to the side of the enemy, Hitler, in a fit of rage, subordinated military intelligence to the Main Directorate imperial security. The Abwehr-1 and Abwehr-2 departments were consolidated into the Military Directorate as part of the RSHA, the Abwehr-3 department (counterintelligence) was divided between the IV and VI Directorates of the RSHA, the Abwehr department "Abroad" was transferred to the Wehrmacht High Command. Formally, the transfer of the Abwehr to the RSHA took place in May 1944 at a meeting of the leadership of the SS and OKW near Salzburg. The head of the Military Directorate of the RSHA was Oberst (Colonel) of the Wehrmacht Georg Hansen.


The Main Directorate of Imperial Security (GUIB) was created in 1939, but neither in the press nor in correspondence with other organizations and institutions was it officially called that. His boss continued to be called "Chief of the Security Police and SD." At first, it had 6 departments (the author considers them in the text on p. 343), and since 1940 there have been 7 of them - due to the reorganization of the 1st department (administrative-legal), from which two departments were formed. At the same time, the departments were renamed and their tasks were changed.
It was already a real apparatus of unlimited power, which inspired fear and horror not only in the country itself, but also in the occupied territories. Therefore, it is advisable to consider its structure and tasks of the departments in more detail.
The GUIB was responsible for the state security of Nazi Germany, controlling all the secret services operating in the Third Reich. It carried out intelligence and counterintelligence operations both in Germany and abroad. The scope of his activities included the fight against crime, as well as the study of public opinion.
From the moment of its formation until June 1942, SS Obergruppenführer and Police General Reinhard Heydrich was the head of the GUIB, and from January 1943 until the end of the war, SS Obergruppenführer and Police General Ernst Kaltenbrunner.
I-th CONTROL (frames).
Leaders: - SS Oberführer Karl Rudolf Werner Best (from the moment of creation until July 1940), - Obergruppenführer and Police and SS General Bruno Streckenbach (from July 1940 to early 1943),
- SS Brigadeführer and Police Major General Erwin (Robert) Schultz (January-November 1943), - Erich Erlinger (from November 1943 until surrender).
The department was divided into four departments:
"I A": personnel (head - Brunner) - with abstracts:
– I A 1: general personnel matters,
– I A 2: Gestapo cadres,
– I A 3: criminal police personnel,
– I A 4: SD frames,
- I A 5: party and SS cadres,
– I A 6: social security.
"I B": education, training, professional training (head - Schultz) - with abstracts:
– I V 1: ideological education?
- I B 2: replenishment with new personnel,
– I В 3: preparation of curricula for colleges and schools?
– I B 4: continuing education programs.
"I C": sports training (head - von Daniels) - with abstracts:
– I C 1: general questions,
– I С 2: physical culture and military training.
"ID": inspection (head - Bruno Streckenbach / part-time) - with abstracts:
– I D 1: investigation of service crimes,
– I D 2: investigation of disciplinary cases of an internal nature.
P-e DEPARTMENT (administrative and economic)
Leaders: - Oberführer / SS Brigadeführer Werner Best (from the moment of creation until July 1940), - Hans Nokemann, Siegert, Spazil (1940-1945).
It was divided into four departments:
"II A": organization and legal issues - with abstracts:
– II A 1: organization of the SD and the security police,
– II A 2: legislation,
– II A 3: legal relations, claims for damages,
– II A 4: questions of the defense of the state,
- II A 5: general issues (legal definition of enemies of the people or the state, confiscation of property, deprivation of citizenship (later all these tasks were transferred to the abstract "IV B 4" of the Gestapo.
"II B": issues of the passport regime and the border police (Krause) - with abstracts:
– II В 1: passport system – I,
– II В 2: passport system – II,
– II B 3: expulsion from the country and identification file,
– II В 4: the organization of the border police and the fundamental issues of border protection.
"II C a": the budget and economy of the security police (Siegert) with abstracts:
– II C 1: budget and monetary allowance,
– II C 2: supply and material costs,
- II C 3: accommodation of personnel, issues of accommodation of those arrested,
– II С 4: economic.
"II C b": budget and economy of the SD - with abstracts:
– II С 5: budget and monetary allowance,
– II С 6: supply, insurance, contracts, real estate issues, construction, transport,
- II C 7: control and revision,
– II C 8: accounting and reporting.
"II D": technical support (head - Rauff) - with abstracts:
– II D 1: communication, photography and cinematography,
– II D 2: telephone and teletype communication,
– II D 3 a: transport for the needs of the security police,
– II D 3 b: transport for the needs of SD,
– II D 4: weapons,
– II D 5: air transport,
– II D 6: distribution of technical funds.
III DEPARTMENT (internal political service - study of spheres of life in Germany)
The organ of the party is the operational service of internal political intelligence and counterintelligence.
Head: Deputy Secretary of State of the Ministry of Economics, Gruppenführer and Lieutenant General of the SS Police Otto Ohlendorf.
The number of the central office is from 300 to 400 employees. The department included five departments:
"III A": questions of law and order and administrative construction of the Reich (head - Gengenbach) - with abstracts:
– III A 1: general issues of work on areas of life,
– III A 2: legal issues,
– III A 3: constitution and administration,
– III A 4: study of the life of the population (the abstract regularly made reports on the general mindset and behavior of the population).
"III V": German ethnic community (Germanism) (head - Elih) - with abstracts:
– III In 1: work on Germanism,
– III B 2: national minorities,
– III B 3: questions of race and the health of the nation,
– III B 4: immigration and resettlement issues,
– III B 5: occupied territories,
"III C": the sphere of culture (head - Spengler) - with abstracts:
– III C 1: science,
– III C 2: education and religious life,
- III C 3: art and folk art,
– III C 4: press, publishing, radio.
"III D": the sphere of economics - with abstracts:
– III D 1: food industry,
– III D 2: trade, transport, crafts?
– III D 3: finance, currency transactions, banks and stock exchanges, insurance companies?
– III D 4: industry and energy,
– III D 5: labor force and social issues.
The later formed department "III E" was engaged in the so-called "honorary agents", that is, espionage in high society.
IVth DEPARTMENT (Gestapo - secret state police)
An organ of the state is an operational service for the study and destruction of the enemy, which used executive power (the right to make arrests) in the field of political crimes. It had the authority to search for opponents of the regime and their repression. There were up to 1,500 employees in the central office.
Head: ReichscriminalDirector, SS Gruppenführer and Police General Heinrich Müller. The department consisted of six departments:
"IV A": opponents of Nazism, measures to combat sabotage, issues of general security (head - SS Obersturmbannfuehrer, Oberregirungsrat Panzinger) - with abstracts:
- IV A 1: communist, Marxist and ideologically close political organizations and movements, war crimes, illegal and enemy propaganda,
- IV A 2: general counterintelligence, the fight against sabotage and sabotage, the conduct of political and police counterintelligence,
- IV A 3: reactionary, oppositional, legitimist, liberal, émigré political organizations and movements, issues of "treachery" (besides those that were in charge of the abstract "IV A 1"),
- IV A 4: security service, prevention and prevention of attempts, surveillance, police supervision, special assignments, operational search,
"IV B": political activities of religious organizations and sects, Jews, Masons (head - Hartl) - with abstracts:
– IV B 1: political Catholicism,
– IV B 2: political Protestantism,
- IV B 3: other confessions, Freemasonry,
– IV B 4: Jewry: issues related to eviction.
"IV C": accounting and statistics, preventive internment, preventive detention, press, questions of the party (chief - Rank) - with abstracts:
– IV C 1: information processing, main card file, personal records, information desk, card file "A", observation of foreigners, registration of special signs,
– IV C 2: issues of preventive detention,
- IV C 3: press and printing,
- IV С 4: the party and its structural subdivisions.
"IV D": work in the occupied territories, foreign workers in Germany (head - Weinman) - with abstracts:
– IV D 1: questions of the Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, surveillance of the Czechs on the territory of the Reich,
– IV D 2: questions of the general government, observation of the Poles in the territory of the Reich,
– IV D 3: work with proxies, hostile foreigners,
– IV D 4: occupied territories: France, Luxembourg, Alsace and Lorraine, Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, Denmark.
"IV E": counterintelligence (head - Walter Schellenberg - until 1941) - with abstracts:
- IV E 1: general issues of counterintelligence, drawing up conclusions on cases of state crimes (treason and high treason), operational support for Reich enterprises, departmental security,
- IV E 2: general economic issues, economic counterintelligence,
- IV E 3: counterintelligence in Western countries,
– IV E 4: counterintelligence in the Nordic countries,
- IV E 5: counterintelligence in the countries of the East,
- IV E 6: counterintelligence in the countries of the South.
"IV F": border police passports, identity cards, supervision of foreigners.
Since 1941, the chief of the Gestapo had at his disposal an additional independent unit - the report "N" (centralization of intelligence information).
V-th DEPARTMENT (fight against criminal crime):
The body of the state is an operational service with executive power in the criminal sphere. There were up to 1200 employees in the central office.
Leaders:
- SS Gruppenfuehrer and Police Lieutenant General, Reichscriminal Director Artur Nebe (until July 1944), - Friedrich Panzinger (from July 1944 to May 1945).
The department was divided into four departments:
"V A": criminal police and preventive measures - policy development in the field of combating criminal crime and the prevention of offenses (head - Werner) - with abstracts:
– V A 1: questions of law, international cooperation and the study of crime,
– V A 2: crime prevention,
- V A Z: Women's Criminal Police Service.
"V B": operational actions (head - Glazov) with abstracts:
– V B 1: especially serious crimes,
– V B 2: fraud,
– V В 3: crimes against morality.
"V C": installation and operational search (head - Berge) - with abstracts:
- V C 1: identification center,
– V C 2: wanted.
"V D": Institute of Criminalistics (Head - Heess). Abstracts:
– V D 1: identification of traces found,
– V D 2: chemical and biological expertise,
– V D 3: examination of handwriting and documents.
VI-e DEPARTMENT (foreign intelligence)
Party organ. Conducted reconnaissance abroad. The central service consisted of 300 to 500 employees.
Leaders: - SS Brigadeführer and Police Major General Heinz Jost (until June 1941); - SS Brigadeführer and Police Major General Walter Schellenberg (from June 1941 until the end of the war).
The department was divided at the beginning into six departments, in subsequent years - into eight:
"VI A": general organization of the intelligence service, control over the work of the regional branches of the SD (head - Filbert) - with abstracts:
– VI A 1: control and cross-check of all intelligence communications,
- VI A 2: verification and enforcement of assigned reconnaissance tasks,
- VI A 3: control over the work of the districts and sectors of the SD of the western direction,
- VI A 4: control over the work of the districts and sectors of the SD of the northern direction,
– VI A 5: control over the work of districts and sectors of the SD of the eastern direction,
– VI A 6: control over the work of districts and sectors of the SD of the southern direction,
– VI A 7: control over the work of districts and sectors of the SD of the central direction.
"VI B": leadership of intelligence activities in the zone of German-Italian influence in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Abstracts VI B 1-VI B 10, including:
– VI В 1: France;
– VI B 2: Spain and Portugal;
– VI OT: North Africa.
"VI C" "Vostok": management of intelligence activities in the zone of Russian-Japanese influence. Abstracts VI С 1-VI С 11. Later, the department included an abstract “VI С 13” (Arab branch) and a special unit - Sonderreferat VI С, which was engaged in organizing sabotage and sabotage in the USSR.
"VI D" "West": leadership of intelligence activities in the zone of Anglo-American influence (head - Theodore Pfaffgen). Abstracts VI D 1-VI D 9, including:
– VI D 1: intelligence in the USA and North America,
– VI D 2: intelligence in the UK,
– VI D 3: intelligence in Scandinavian countries,
– VI D 4: intelligence in the countries of South America.
"VI E": the study of ideological opponents abroad (head - Knochen). Abstracts VI E 1-VI E 6.
"VI F": technical support of intelligence (head - Rauff). Abstracts VI F 1-VI F 7.
In 1942, the VI G department was created with the task of using scientific information and the VI S department, which prepared and carried out "material, moral and political sabotage."
VII-e MANAGEMENT (studying the ideology of the enemy, accounting and processing of information)
Party organ. The leader is Franz Six. The department consisted of three departments:
"VII A": study and generalization of documentation (head - Milius). Abstracts:
– VII A 1: library,
– VII A 2: reporting to management, translation service, study, processing and evaluation of printed materials,
– VII A 3: information service and liaison office.
"VII B": analysis of materials, preparation of summary data. Abstracts:
– VII In 1: Freemasonry and Jewry,
– VII B 2: political denominations,
– VII B 3: Marxism,
– VII В 4: other enemy groupings,
– VII B 5: special scientific research on certain domestic political problems,
– VII В 6: special scientific researches on separate foreign policy problems.
"VII C": centralization of archives. (Improvement of methods of classification, use of data, card-indexing. The work of the museum, library, photo library.) Abstracts:
– VII C 1: archive,
– VII C 2: museum,
– VII C 3: special studies.

General Directorate of Imperial Security

(RSHA)

General Directorate of Imperial Security (Reichssicherheitshauptamt, RSHA) was the governing body of the political intelligence and security police of the Third Reich. Created on September 27, 1939 as a result of the merger of the Reichsführer SS Main Security Office (Sicherheitshauptamt RfSS) and the Main Office of the Security Police (Hauptamt Sicherheitspolizei), established in 1935 and 1936, respectively.

Security Service ( SD) was at first the internal party security service of the NSDAP, since 1932 - the security service of the Reichsführer SS (Sicherheitsdienst Reichsführer-SS, abbr. - SD), since 1935 - Reichsführer SS Main Security Office (Sicherheitshauptamt RfSS).

General Directorate of Imperial Security(RSHA) was one of the 12 main departments of the SS with a staff of 3,000 employees. It was under the personal control of the Reichsführer SS and Chief of the German Police Heinrich Himmler.

The RSHA was responsible for the security of the state (the German Reich) from external and internal enemies and controlled all the secret services of the empire. It performed intelligence and counterintelligence functions in Germany and abroad. The scope of his activities also included the fight against crime, surveillance of "dissenters" and the study of public opinion.

Designation "RSHA" was semi-official and was used almost exclusively in the internal documentation of the SS, and neither in the press nor in correspondence with other organizations was it ever officially called. The head of the Imperial Main Directorate of Imperial Security was called "Chief of the Security Police and SD".

Head of the RSHA SS Obergruppenführer and police general was appointed Reinhard Heydrich, who led this organization until May 27, 1942, when he was assassinated by Czech partisans. On June 4, Heydrich died. From that time until January 30, 1943, the Reichsfuehrer SS Heinrich Himmler personally headed the Reichsfuehrer SS.

First Chief of the Imperial Security Main Office
SS Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich

On January 30, 1943, SS Obergruppenführer and Police General Dr. Ernst Kaltenbrunner, who held this post until the surrender of the Third Reich.

Head of the Main Directorate of Imperial Security
SS Obergruppenführer and Police General Ernst Kaltenbrunner

Structure
General Directorate of Imperial Security

At first, the RSHA had 6 departments. From September 1940, there were 7 departments - due to the reorganization of 1 department (administrative-legal), from which two were formed. At the same time, the departments were renamed and their tasks were changed.

I MANAGEMENT (personnel).

The personnel service of the RSHA.I department dealt with personnel issues, professional and sports training of RSHA employees, investigation of official crimes, etc.

Leaders:

SS Oberführer Karl Rudolf Werner Best (from the moment of creation until 06/12/1940),

SS Gruppenführer, then SS Obergruppenführer and Police General Bruno Streckenbach
(06/12/1940 - 12/31/1942),

SS Brigadeführer and Police Major General Erwin Schultz (January - November 1943),

SS Oberführer Erich Erlinger (04/01/1943 - May 1945),

SS-Standartenführer Frake Grikske (May 1945).

I A: personnel (head - Brunner) - with abstracts:

- I A 1: general questions of personnel;
- I A 2: personal files of Gestapo officers;
- I A H: personal files of criminal police officers;
- I A 4: personal files of employees of the Board of Directors;
- I A 5: personal files of members of the NSDAP and the SS;
- I A 6: social security.

I B: education and upbringing (head - Schultz) - with abstracts:

- I B 1: ideological education;
- I B 2: the younger generation;
- I B 3: preparation of curricula for colleges and schools;
- I B 4: continuing education programs.

IC: physical development (head - von Daniels) - with abstracts:

- I C 1: general physical education;
- I C 2: physical education schools and military training.

ID: inspection (part-time - Bruno Streckenbach) - with abstracts:

- I D 1: investigation of service crimes;
- I D 2: investigation of disciplinary cases of an internal nature.

II MANAGEMENT (administrative and economic)

The Administrative and Economic Directorate of the RSHA (created on the basis of the 1st Directorate after the reorganization of the RSHA in 1941), was engaged in maintaining the entire accounting department of the Main Directorate of Imperial Security, supply and technical support, organizing other departments of the RSHA, legal and legal issues.

Leaders:

SS-Oberführer/Brigadeführer Werner Best (from creation to July 1940),

SS Standartenführer Hans Nockemann (July 1940 to June 1941),

SS-Standartenführer Rudolf Siegert (June 1941 to January 1943),

SS-Standartenführer Kurt Pritzel (January 1943 to June 1944),

SS Standartenführer Josef Spazil (June 1944 until surrender).

The department was divided into four departments:

II A organization and legal issues - with abstracts:

- II A 1: organization of the SD and the security police;
- II A 2: legislation;
- II A 3: legal relations, claims for damages;
- II A 4: state defense issues;
- II A 5: general issues (legal definition of enemies of the people or
state, confiscation of property, deprivation of citizenship;
in the future, all these tasks were transferred to the abstract "IV B 4" of the Gestapo).

II B: issues of the passport regime and the border police (Krause). Abstracts:

- II B 1: Passport Service I;
- II B 2: Passport Service II;
- II B 3: expulsion from the country and identification file;
- II B 4: organization of the border police and border security issues.

II C a: budget and economy of the security police (Siegert) - with abstracts:

- II C 1: budget and allowances;
- II C 2: supply and material costs;
- II C 3: accommodation of personnel, issues of accommodation of detainees;
- II C 4: economic.

II Cb: budget and economy of the SD - with abstracts:

- II C 5: budget and allowances;
- II C 6: supply, insurance, contracts, real estate, transport;
- II C 7: control and revision;
- II C 8: Accounting and reporting.

II D: technical support (head - Rauff) - with abstracts:

- II D 1: radio, photo and film equipment;
- II D 2: teletypes and telephones;
- II D 3 a: transport for the needs of the security police;
- II D 3 b transport for the needs of SD;
- II D 4: weapons;
- II D 5: air transport;
- II D 6: distribution of technical funds.

III MANAGEMENT (SD - internal political service)

The organ of the party is the operational service of internal political intelligence and counterintelligence. Official name - security service / Germany (Sicherheitsdients/Deutschland). Engaged in the study and supervision of all spheres of German public life, the service was also engaged in the study of ideological opponents and the development of a strategy to combat them, as well as compiling reports on the mood of the population, the material for which was supplied by numerous informants. The reports were regularly transmitted to the top leaders of the NSDAP and the state, and were the only objective source of information about the real situation in the country. However, under pressure from the party nomenclature, which did not like the interference of the SD in its affairs, Himmler in 1944 was forced to ban the compilation of reports.

The main territorial unit of the SD was the main section (SD-Leitabschnitt), which was divided into several sections (SD-Abschnitt). The headquarters of the main SD sections were located in the same place as the main branches of the secret state police (Stapo-Leitstellen), and the headquarters of the SD sections were located in the same place as the branches of the secret state police (Stapo-Stellen). These regional branches received direct orders from the Chief of the Security Police and SD in Berlin. They were also subordinate to the inspectors of the Security Police and the SD. (Inspekteur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD; IdS). In the occupied countries, local branches of the SD coordinated with the branches of the security police under the leadership of the commanders of the security police and the SD (Kommandeur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD; KdS), who were subordinate to the Commander of the Security Police and the SD (Befehlshaber der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD; BdS), answering directly to the Chief of the Security Police and SD in Berlin.

By the end of the war, there were 300-400 employees in the central administrative apparatus, and, taking into account the local bodies of the SD, about 25,000-30,000 people.

Supervisor: Undersecretary of State of the Ministry of Economy, SS Gruppenfuehrer and Police Lieutenant General Otto Ohlendorf.

The department included 5 departments:

III A: questions of law and government (head - Gengenbach)
- with abstracts:

- III A 1: general issues of public life;
- III A 2: legal issues and courts;
- III A 3: legislation and administration;
- III A 4: study of the life of the population (the abstract was regularly compiled reports
about the general mindset and behavior of the population).
- III A5: issues of police law and police legislation.

III B: Germanic ethnic community (Germanism), national relations
(head - Elih) - with abstracts:

- III B 1: strengthening the national spirit;
- III B 2: national minorities;
- III B 3: issues of race and the health of the nation;
- III B 4: immigration and resettlement issues;
- III B 5: occupied territories.

IIIC: the sphere of culture and the media (head - Spengler) - with abstracts:

- III C 1: science;
- III C 2: public education and religious life;
- III C 3: art and folk art;
- III C 4: press, publishing, radio.

IIID: sphere of economy and industry - with abstracts:

- III D 1: food industry,
- III D 2: trade, transport, crafts;
- III D 3: finance, currency transactions, banks and stock exchanges, insurance companies;
- III D 4: industry and energy;
- III D 5: labor force and social issues.
- III D West: occupied western regions.
- III D Ost: occupied eastern regions.

Later, Department III E was formed, which dealt with the so-called "honorary agents", i.e. espionage in high society.

IV DEPARTMENT (Secret State Police - Gestapo)

The organ of the state is an operational service for the search and destruction of the enemies of the Nazi regime. Other main tasks of the secret state police (Geheime Staatspolizei, Gestapo) were counterintelligence and border guards.

The Gestapo enjoyed executive power (the right to make arrests) in the field of political crimes.

The Gestapo had an extensive network throughout the Reich. There were several main types of local organizations: the main departments of the Gestapo (Staatspolizeileitstellen), the departments of the Gestapo (Staatspolizeistellen) and the commissariats of the Gestapo and border police (Stapo-Grenzpolizei-Kommissariate).

By the end of the war, the total number of employees of the secret state police reached 45 thousand people. There were 1,500 employees in the central office.

Supervisor: ReichscriminalDirector SS Gruppenfuehrer and Police Lieutenant General Heinrich Müller. The department consisted of six departments:

IV A: opponents of Nazism, measures to combat sabotage, security service (head - Obersturmbannführer Oberregirungsrat Panzinger) - with abstracts:

- IV A 1: communist, Marxist and ideologically related political organizations and movements, war crimes, illegal and enemy propaganda;

- IV A 2: general counterintelligence, combating sabotage and sabotage, conducting political-police counterintelligence;

- IV A 3: reactionary, oppositional, legitimist, liberal, émigré political organizations and movements, issues of "perfidy" (besides those dealt with in the abstract IV A 1 ");

- IV A 4: security service, prevention and prevention of assassination attempts, surveillance, police supervision, special assignments, operational search.

IVB: political activities of religious organizations and sects, Jews, Freemasons (head - Hartl) - with abstracts:

P; - IV B 1: political activities of the Catholic Church;

- IV B 2: political activity of the Protestant church, sect;

- IV B 3: other denominations, freemasonry;

- IV B 4: Jewish question, questions of eviction.

IV C: accounting and statistics, preventive internment, preventive detention, press, questions of the party (chief - rank) - with abstracts:

- IV C 1: information processing, main card file, personal records, information desk, card file "A", observation of foreigners, registration of special signs;

- IV C 2: preventive detention issues;

- IV C 3: press and printing;

- IV C 4: the party and its structural divisions.

- IV C 5: registration of all Gestapo agents, control over their effectiveness, remuneration, duplicates of their personal files.

IVD: work in the occupied territories, foreign workers in Germany (head - Weinman) - with abstracts:

- IV D 1: issues of the Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, the Czech Republic, surveillance of the Czechs in the territory of the Reich, occupied territories: Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia and other regions of the former Yugoslavia, Greece;

- IV D 2: questions of the general government, observation of the Poles in the territory of the Reich;

- IV D 3: work with proxies, foreigners of hostile states;

- IV D 4: occupied territories: France, Luxembourg, Alsace and Lorraine, Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, Denmark;

- IV D 5: occupied territories in the East.

IV E: counterintelligence (head - Walter Schellenberg, until 1941) - with abstracts:

- IV E 1: general issues of counterintelligence, drawing up conclusions on cases of state crimes (treason and treason), operational support for Reich enterprises, protection of valuables and departmental protection;

- IV E 2: general economic issues, economic counterintelligence;

- IV E 3: counterintelligence in Western countries;

- IV E 4: counterintelligence in the Nordic countries;

- IV E 5: counterintelligence in the countries of the East;

- IV E b: counterintelligence in the countries of the South.

IVF: border police, passports, identity cards, supervision of foreigners.

- IV F 1: border police;

- IV F 2: passport office.

"IV P": contacts with the secret services of the allied states, the activities of police attachés abroad, special assignments. (Since 1943, the abstract has been subordinated directly to the chief of the RSHA.)

Since 1941, the chief of the Gestapo had at his disposal an additional independent unit - an abstract N"(centralization of intelligence information).

V CONTROL
(criminal police, kripo - fighting crime)

State body - operational service in the criminal sphere. The 5th board had executive power. The tasks of the Imperial Criminal Police Department or Kripo (Kriminalpolizei, Kripo) included the investigation and prevention of criminal offenses, detective work, and the training of professional personnel.

Local criminal police bodies were subdivided into main departments (Kripo-Leitstellen) and departments (Kripo-Stellen). In addition, criminal police departments operated in Germany. (Saatliche Kriminalabteilungen), which organizationally were part of the land administrations (Landesamt), local police departments (Polizeiamt), police directorates (Polizeidirektion) and police presidiums (Polizeipraesidium).

By the end of the war, about 12-15 thousand people worked in all these departments, departments and departments. There were up to 1200 employees in the central office.

Leaders:

- SS Gruppenführer and Police Lieutenant General, Reichscriminal Director Artur Nöbe (from the day of foundation until July 20, 1944),

- SS Oberführer and Police Colonel Friedrich Panzinger (from July 20, 1944 to May 1945).

The department was divided into 4 departments:

VA: criminal police and preventive measures - development of a policy in the field of combating criminal crime and the prevention of offenses (head - Werner) - with abstracts:

- V A 1: questions of law, international cooperation and the study of crime;
- V A 2: crime prevention;
- V A Z: female criminal police.

VB: operational actions (head - Glazov) - with abstracts:

- V B 1: especially serious crimes;
- V B 2: fraud and counterfeiting;
- V B 3: crimes against morality (homosexuality);

VC: identification service and operational search (head - Berge). Abstracts:

- V C 1: central imperial identification service;
- V C 2: search service.

VD: Institute of Criminalistics of the Security Police (Head - Heess).
Abstracts:

- V D 1: identification by fingerprints and appearance;
- V D 2: chemical and biological expertise;
- V D 3: examination of handwriting and documents,
- V D 4: technical laboratory.

VWi: economic crimes.

VI MANAGEMENT (SD - foreign intelligence)

Party organ, official name of the department - Security Service / Abroad (Sicherheitsdienst / Ausland). She was engaged in political intelligence and counterintelligence abroad, the formation of "fifth columns" abroad, as well as sabotage activities. The youngest and most educated department of the RSHA, about 45% of the employees were born from 1902 to 1909, and 80% of the employees had higher education. The number of management - about 400 employees

Leaders:
- SS Brigadeführer and Police Major General Heinz Jost (from the date of foundation until June 22, 1941),
- SS Brigadeführer and Police Major General Walter Schellenberg(from June 22, 1941 until the end of the war).

The department was first subdivided into six departments, then into eight:

VI A: general organization of the intelligence service, control over the work of the regional branches of the SD (head - Filbert) - with abstracts:

P; - VI A 1: control and cross-check of all intelligence communications;

- VI A 2: verification and enforcement of assigned intelligence tasks;

- VI A 3: control over the work of districts and sectors of the SD of the western direction;

- VI A 4: control over the work of districts and sectors of the Northern Direction SD;

- VI A 5: control over the work of the districts and sectors of the SD of the eastern direction;

- VI A 6: control over the work of districts and sectors of the SD of the southern direction;

- VI A 7: control over the work of the districts and sectors of the SD of the central direction.

VIB: management of intelligence activities in the zone of German-Italian influence (Europe, Africa and the Middle East). Abstracts VI B 1 - VI B 10, including:

- VI B 1: France;

- VI B 2: Spain and Portugal;

- VI B 3: North Africa.

VI C "East": management of intelligence activities in the zone of Russian-Japanese influence. Abstracts VI C 1 - VI C 11, including:

VI C 1: USSR;

VI C 2: limitrophe countries;

VI C 3: Far East;

VI C/Z: coordination of the activities of special services within the framework of the Zeppelin.

Later, the department included an abstract VI C 13 (Arab branch) and a special unit - Sonderreferat VI C, which was engaged in organizing sabotage and sabotage in the USSR.

VI D "West": leadership of intelligence activities in the zone of Anglo-American influence (head - Theodore Pfaffgen). Abstracts VI D 1 - VI D 9, including:

- V1 D 1: US and North American intelligence;

- VI D 2: intelligence in Great Britain and Ireland;

- VI D 3: intelligence in Scandinavian countries;

- VI D 4: intelligence in the countries of South America;

- VI D 5 - VI D 9: other areas of Anglo-American influence.

VI E: study of ideological opponents abroad; intelligence in Southern and Eastern Europe (head - Knochen). Abstracts:

VI E1: Italy;

VI E2: Hungary and Slovakia;

VI E3: Serbia and Croatia;

VI E4: Romania and Bulgaria;

VI E5: Greece;

VI F: technical support of intelligence - development of technical means for the needs of intelligence (head - Rauff). Abstracts VI F 1 – VI F 7.

In 1942, the department "VI G" (industrial espionage) was created with the task of using scientific information and the department "VI S" (sabotage and sabotage), which prepared and carried out "material, moral and political sabotage."

VII MANAGEMENT

(studying the ideology of the enemy, accounting and processing of information)

Party organ. The VIIth Directorate of the RSHA (before the reorganization of the RSHA in 1941 - the II Directorate) was engaged in the study and fight against enemy ideology, preparing reports for other departments of the RSHA, maintaining written documentation and was a kind of ideological expert center. Heads of department: SS Oberführer Alfred Franz Sieks (until September 1942), SS Obersturmbannführer Paul Dittel.

The department consisted of three departments:

VII A: study and generalization of documentation (head - Milius). Abstracts:

- VII A 1: library;
- VII A 2: reporting to management, translation service, study, processing
and evaluation of print materials;
- VII A 3: information service and liaison office.

VII B: analysis of materials, preparation of summary data - with abstracts:

– VII In 1: Freemasonry and Jewry;
– VII B 2: political denominations;
– VII В 3: Marxism;
– VII В 4: other enemy groupings;
– VII B 5: scientific research on individual domestic political issues;
– VII В 6: scientific researches on separate foreign policy problems.

VII C: centralization of archives. (Improvement of methods of classification, use of data, card indexing. The work of the museum, library, photo library.)
Abstracts:

– VII C 1: archive;
– VII С 2: museum and exhibitions;
– VII С 3: special scientific research.

VIII GOVERNMENT (government communications)

There are no indisputable facts confirming the existence of the VIIIth Directorate of the RSHA, but according to indirect data, we can conclude that this department was engaged in ensuring uninterrupted communications between the highest state authorities, and above all the Headquarters of the Fuhrer. After the assassination attempt on Hitler in July 1944, it turned out that the connection with the headquarters was in the hands of the conspirators, which made it possible for them to cut it off from the outside world. Naturally, the leadership of the Third Reich tried to protect itself from this in the future and transferred control of government communication lines to the Imperial Security Main Directorate.

One of the indirect confirmation of the existence and specialization of the VIII Directorate of the RSHA is the fact that in the "List of ranks of the SS" (Dienstaltersliste, DAL) for November 1944, SS Standartenführer Richard Sansoni is listed as "Head of the VIIIth Directorate of the RSHA" (Chef Amt VIII / SS -RSHA). Sansoni, on the other hand, was a specialist in communications, at various times he held the positions of commander of the 2nd communications company of the “Dead Head” units, the 3rd communications battalion of the 3rd SS division “Dead Head”, the reserve SS communications regiment, and with August 28, 1944 Standartenführer Richard Sansoni - Head of the VIII Directorate of the RSHA.

MILITARY MANAGEMENT (former Abwehr - Abwehr)

In January 1944, after the discovery by the Gestapo of the case of the “anti-fascist circle”, in which military intelligence officers were involved ( Abwehr), and after a series of failures of Abwehr agents and the transition of some of them to the side of the enemy, Hitler, in a fit of rage, subordinated military intelligence to the Main Directorate of Imperial Security.

On February 14, 1944, the Military Directorate (Militärisches Amt) was formed as part of the RSHA after the disbandment of the Abwehr. The management included departments Abwehr-1 and Abwehr-2. The Abwehr-3 department (counterintelligence) was divided between the IV and VI departments of the RSHA, the Abwehr department "Abroad" was transferred to the Wehrmacht High Command. Formally, the transfer of the Abwehr to the RSHA took place in May 1944 at a meeting of the leadership of the SS and OKW near Salzburg.

Leaders:

Wehrmacht Colonel Georg Hansen (February–July 1944),

SS Brigadeführer Walter Schellenberg(08/01/1944 - 05/08/1945).

Military command structure:

Mil A Organization

ZO Organizational matters

ZK Central file cabinet

ZR Legal issues

ZF Financial questions

ZA Adjutantism

Mil B Operational intelligence in the West

Mil C Operational intelligence in the East

ZH Ground troops

ZM Navy

ZL Air Force

ZSch Personnel

mil D Sabotage and sabotage operations

Mil E Intelligence technical support

Mil F Frontal intelligence and counterintelligence

Mil G Forged documents, cryptography, photographic equipment, etc.

1 part

Against the background of depreciation of the fixed assets of the Russian industry, energy, transport, agriculture and the army, there is a need for an accelerated strengthening of the economy, the need for a change in the generations of equipment and technology in most sectors of the national economy. At present, the importance of developing relations with countries such as Germany, which has high technology, is increasing.and other innovative means. In this regard, the history of Russian-German cooperation is of increasing interest.

"Postrapallian cooperation" 1933-1938

As a result of the system of world order that developed after the First World War, the USSR and Germany were in political and economic isolation for a long time, and it became possible to get out of them thanks to “Rapallo cooperation”.A. Hitler's coming to power in Germany in 1933 could mean the end of close multilateral cooperation between the two countries. There was a serious threat to the economic security of the Soviet Union, because. Germany was then the first most important Soviet trading partner.

Despite the significant successes of the Soviet national economy achieved during the first two five-year plans, not only the technology of production processes in the USSR lagged behind the European and American level. Moreover, a number of knowledge-intensive, high-tech sectors of the economy,in which science performs the functions of a direct productive force, was underdeveloped in the USSR. For example, the machine tool industry "... failed to master the most important types of machine tools."The quality of industrial products manufactured in the USSR did not always satisfy the needs of consumers. A technological breakthrough could be achieved both through the development of domestic science and technical production, and by borrowing high technologies from the leading capitalist countries.

This situation was taken into account by the German side in its economic policy towards the USSR. The closed report of the "Russian Committee of the German Economy", prepared in October 1935, noted: "Under the pressure of necessity, Russian heavy industry ... will be forced in the near future to import high-quality German products, which are highly valued by the Soviets."The report also revealed the reasons for this dependence: “Mastering and copying the types of structures available on the world market, and then further improving them” - these words are guiding for Soviet engineering. The main tendency of Soviet economic policy is to import standard types of foreign machine tools with the aim of exact copying and manufacturing them in Soviet factories.Trade Representative of the USSR in Germany D.V. Kandelaki also noted that in 1935-1936. most of the objects were ordered by the German industry in one copy, as samples, for study and possible copying.German deliveries, having sharply decreased in comparison with the "Rapallo period", lost their investment value and often only informed about the state of German technology. According to Soviet customs statistics and the NKVT, a similar trend in the selection of equipment continued until the beginning of 1940.

The production and design of high-tech military and dual-use products in Germany was prohibited or limited by the articles of the Treaty of Versailles. Until about 1933, the supply of military equipment by German companies was carried out, as a rule, only through branches and subsidiaries in other countries.For example, the Carl Zeiss concern used for this purposeN. V. Nederlandsce Instrumenten CompagnieAndC. P. Goerz AG Vienna and Bratislava. In 1933-1935, in cooperation with the Deshimag company, according to the drawings of the latter, a new medium submarine was created in the USSR."During the Great Patriotic War, submarines of type "C" series "IX" And "IX-bis", sank 52 transport ships with a total tonnage of 168,095 brt., 14 warships and auxiliary ships, damaged 9 transports and 6 ships."

Until 1935, the export of German high-tech products was minimal, although restrictions on it began to be relaxed after the National Socialists came to power.Nevertheless, despite the existing difficulties of a political nature, Soviet technical specialists, to a certain extent, managed to get acquainted with many issues of interest to them. A variety of methods were used for this: sending representatives to Germany to study the relevant industries and signing contracts for the supply of individual samples, concluding license agreements and technical assistance agreements, as well as using “unofficial” channels to obtain those types of equipment that the German side did not want to sell the USSR.

German firms were set up quite benevolently to cooperate with Soviet organizations. So, in response to the request of the Authorized People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry at the USSR Trade Mission in Germany to allow two Soviet engineers to visit the Adam Opel factories on January 2, 1934, a positive response was immediately received. "...We are willing to ... show our work. We are doing this sooner in order to show your gentlemen how this is really happening with us, especially after we noticed, unfortunately, that in the reports of Russian newspapers about German automobile plants, incorrect and untrue writing is written.

In 1933-1934. Engine designers from the Kharkov Locomotive Plant visited Germany to develop a new tank engine. Ya.E. got acquainted with German technical achievements in this area. Vikhman and K.F. Chelpan. A.A. Mikulin studied the production of BMW in comparison with the developments of Rolls-Royce, Hispano-Suiza and Fiat. As a result of this work, a license was purchased for the production in the USSR of a BMW engine with a capacity of 500 hp. Already in 1934, the production of the T-28 medium tank with an engine of this type was launched.

The German aviation industry in the fall of 1934 was studied by the head of the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet I.F. Tkachev.Engineer Perminov investigated the rolling of steel wire at Krupp's plants, about which he compiled a detailed report indicating the technological features of production and the volume of resources used.The accompanying note to the report stated that it "...is of practical value for our wire-rolling mills, as a description and comparison of the work of foreign plants with ours in terms of equipment, productivity and cost ... Some types of structures can be used for application in our conditions ".

By the mid-1930s, the Soviet Union was faced with the problem of producing ship armor necessary for the construction of a large-capacity navy. It was necessary to create large production capacities, to master and adjust the technology. So, for the production of one finished armor plate weighing about 70 tons for a battleship, it was necessary to cast a steel ingot weighing more than one and a half tons. After that, these ingots had to be forged using presses with a capacity of up to 15,000 tons. The Soviet Union did not possess the technique of casting and forging such large ingots, did not have such powerful presses. The casting of the 150-ton ingots was also difficult for the Krupp factories, which had more than a century of experience in the production of high-tech weapons.To study the German experience in the production of military steel armor in 1936, a group of Soviet specialists was sent to Germany under the leadership of I.F. Tevosyan.

In the autumn of 1936, A. Hitler's January ban on arms exports to the Soviet Union was lifted due to a shortage of raw materials.However, taking into account the data stored in the archives of enterprises that supplied equipment to the USSR, it can be argued that this ban was quite formal. Thus, products supplied by the TV departmentCarl Zeiss were not directly military devices, but could be used for military purposes. Consequently, the export of military products could be allowed before the end of 1936, according to the 1935 agreement. In addition, in connection with government regulations for a special agreement on a 200 million loan, after negotiations that began back in 1935, already in February 1936, an agreement was concluded between the Carl Zeiss enterprise and the Soviet Union for the supply of rangefinders and periscopes.The cost of the order under a special contract was about 1.9 million Reichsmarks. Delivery times were echeloned, between June 1937 and June 1938.

According to the Krupp Historical Archive, for 1936, 1937 and 1938, this company sold military goods to the USSR for an amount, respectively, of 3.5; 0.3 and 1.3 million marks.In 1937, the Karlsruhe Werke machine tool company sold 49 cartridge machines in the USSR for the amount of 250,000 Reichsmarks. In May 1937, acceptance began from German manufacturers of property for the mechanization of the airfield service of the Red Army Air Force in the amount of 773 thousand Reichsmarks.And in the 1937/1938 reporting year, in terms of the total volume of military goods supplied by the Carl Zeiss enterprise to the USSR, they exceeded the number of civilian products.

High technologies are a set of means, processes, operations, methods developed on the basis of advanced achievements of science and technology, with the help of which the elements entering the production are transformed into the outgoing ones - the most modern machines, mechanisms and tools, skills and knowledge. As a specific product, they participate in international trade and economic relations by transferring material elements, documentation, personnel training, etc. – V.Zh.

For more details see: Akhtamzyan A.A. Rapallo politics. Soviet-German diplomatic relations in 1922-32. M., 1974; and also Gorlov S.A. Top secret: Moscow-Berlin, 1920-1933. M., 1999.

In the culture of the Third Reich, the occult played an important role. The very ideology of National Socialism originated from mystical practices that originated at the end of the 19th century and actively developed at the beginning of the 20th. The horrors of the First World War, the decadent mood in the defeated Germany, the feeling of hopelessness - all this had a tremendous impact on the Germans. It seemed that there was no way out: neither in progress nor in faith did a person find consolation. And then an alternative spiritual outlet appears on the scene in the form of occultism and a new ideology. It should be noted that for some reason the majority of the population liked the wild mixture of the new theory of the social structure of society, based on the doctrine of the irrational and the cult of the leader. This explains the enormous popularity of all kinds of mystical cults in the Third Reich, the elitism of their leaders and the prestige of being in their composition.

Undoubtedly, the most important organization of this type was the mysterious "Ahnenerbe" - the Heritage of the Ancestors. This organization is the ideological successor to the mystical "Thule" and "Vril", in which not only the ideological components of the Third Reich were developed, but also psychological and sociological experiments were carried out on the population of Germany.

The headquarters of the organization was in the small Bavarian town of Weischenfeld. The founding fathers of the organization were Hitler, Himmler, Wirth and Dare. Although, of course, Heinrich Himmler was involved in the idea of ​​​​creating and the actual leadership of the organization. "Ahnenerbe" was engaged in collecting information about special knowledge hidden from most people and official science. The very knowledge that would help to create the legendary Aryan "superman" would open the way to infinite power and power.

Not surprisingly, with the outbreak of war, this organization received complete freedom of action and virtually unlimited support and funding. Controlled institutions conduct tens of thousands of experiments on captured soldiers, residents of occupied states, and prisoners of concentration camps. However, this was not the end of the matter. Inhuman experiments were carried out not only on "foreign representatives", but also on their own, "Aryan" people.

Medical experiments, pharmacology, narcology, toxicology - all these sciences require enormous expenditures for experiments, but the Nazi experimenters had ideas and material in abundance. Also, studies of mass psychotropic and psychological influences were carried out, methods of controlling the masses at a distance were rolled back. And about the research in the field of armaments, which was supervised by the Ahnenerbe, you can write more than one volume of research.

A well-known fact is the tendency of the leadership of the Third Reich to various mystical teachings of the East in general and Tibet in particular. Warm relations between the Nazis and the Tibetan clergy developed back in the 20s, 10 years before the Nazis came to power in Germany. How the future executioners of Europe were able to conquer the Buddhist monks remains a mystery. In any case, more than one expedition of the Third Reich visited Tibet, where it was expected by the warmest welcome. Moreover, the members of one of the expeditions led by Schaeffer were able to get to where the monks, in principle, did not let anyone in: to the sacred city of Lasha and the Yarling sanctuary. And the manuals on mystical practices sent to Germany and kilometers of film with “practical” implementations of them, in general, aroused delight close to ecstasy at the top of the Third Reich. Radio communication was established between Lasha and Berlin in the shortest possible time, and mutual visits of representatives engaged in the search for "non-standard" knowledge from one country to another began. It remains an indisputable fact that the bodies of many Tibetans in SS uniforms were found in Hitler's bunker. What were they doing there at the end of the war? For what purpose did the inhabitants of Tibet serve the Third Reich?

Being engaged in mysticism, flights into space, and indeed, being at the forefront of modern scientific mysteries for that period, Ahnenerbe also oversaw purely practical issues. One of them was the so-called "Project Vengeance", which is engaged in the development of nuclear weapons. The head of the project to develop nuclear weapons, the Nobel laureate, Professor Heisenberg, after the war, carefully concealed all the facts of the successful development of the atomic bomb, arguing that we, they say, "went the wrong way." However, there are many indirect factors indicating that already in the middle of 1944 the Germans had some kind of cannon-type uranium bomb. And not just had, but actively tested it. It is likely that one of the factors that influenced the opening of the second front was precisely the successful fact of testing this calling device. It was for him that the German, in fact, then already intercontinental, V-2 rockets were designed. With conventional warheads, they did not pose a particular danger to either the UK or the US, due to their low accuracy, but the use of weapons of mass destruction on them threatened disaster for the Allies.

At the same time, the Ahnenerbe followed not only standard paths and applied not only scientific methods. It should be remembered that it was in the "Ahnenerbe" that for the first time the tests of the effect on a person of various psychotropic and hallucinogenic drugs were put on stream. And this was not done with the prisoners of concentration camps at all, more precisely, with them too, but much more important was given to experiments with mediums who received knowledge by the astral way directly from the noosphere, and drugs were only a tool that expands consciousness. Spiritism, communication with the Higher Mind and its incarnations were often used in this kind of research.

What secrets were revealed to the mystics of the Third Reich? Did they get results? We don't know this now. The secrets of a mysterious organization are waiting to be unraveled.

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8 367

The question of the attitude of the Third Reich and, in particular, of Adolf Hitler himself to aliens, was practically not raised. A number of Western researchers believe that this problem was simply carefully hushed up for a number of reasons of a purely military nature: too much of the mysterious military-technological legacy of the Nazi Reich went to the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition.

At the end of the war, the allies did not have any confidence in each other and were afraid of the spread of communism across Europe, therefore they concealed what they managed to capture in Germany, like trophies, in super-secret military laboratories and secret scientific institutions of the special services. The United States still needed the help of the USSR in the Far Eastern theater of operations in the fight against Japan. That is the only reason why they defiantly did not break allied relations, but have already created an atomic bomb.

Many things that historians and researchers in the West talk about and write about may seem too fantastic or even absurd, too unconventional and therefore unacceptable for us, brought up on certain standards of history, literature and ideology. However, there are many facts to consider.

It is known that the Nazis were persistent and quite successful work in the field of creating a nuclear bomb and other new types of weapons, and also reached amazing technological heights. A number of Western researchers believe that the Germans succeeded thanks to contacts with aliens. Moreover, these contacts were by no means isolated and not episodic in nature.

Statements that the higher mind is necessarily highly humane are based only on the rather infantile desire of a person for it to be so. In reality, if contact ever occurs, people may encounter representatives of aliens who are absolutely indifferent to our fate or with an aggressive, misanthropic space race.

Even before Hitler came to power, the National Socialists were actively developing a number of areas related to the search for the origins of the Aryans and the legendary Shambhala in order to obtain secret super-knowledge that could help them win world domination. Secret expeditions were sent to Tibet and the Himalayas, which included scientists and SS officers responsible for ensuring security. At first, these expeditions were rare and small, but when the National Socialists took power, it became possible to equip the expeditions with the most advanced equipment for that time, significantly expand their composition and increase the number of search parties.

This secret work was carried out especially fruitfully from 1935 until the beginning of World War II. Separate expeditions were sent even after the outbreak of hostilities in Europe, but all documentation on these issues was destroyed before the surrender of Germany or is located in various caches arranged by the SD that have not yet been discovered.

There is an assumption that one of the Nazi expeditions could have discovered the crashed "flying saucer" and made contact with its crew. Most likely, this happened in the Himalayas, in remote mountainous areas. Other scenarios are also possible, in which the Germans captured the crew of the crashed “saucer” or accidentally discovered the base of aliens who did not expect aggressive, cruel and cunning guests. The result was contact.

Most researchers consider the most likely version of the accident and contact on "mutually beneficial terms" - the Germans received from the Germans the materials they needed to repair the interstellar ship and continue the flight, and the National Socialists in return acquired new knowledge and technologies that were previously inaccessible to earthlings. Many scientific achievements of Germany in the military-technical sphere, allegedly, were actually the results of using information received by the Nazis from an extraterrestrial civilization. A number of serious researchers and independent experts rightly believe that in the conditions when many venerable world-famous scientists left Germany and the scientific schools that existed for many years ceased to function, the country simply could not develop the scientific and technical innovations that Germany had at its disposal.

The fact that the Nazis overtook by many years in the development of the latest technologies and types of weapons their main opponents in the war - the richest USA and the USSR, which had a huge scientific potential - is indisputable. As well as the fact that many of these new products in the post-war period were not rediscovered, but simply stolen by the allies from the Germans, and then from each other: after the war, American, British and Soviet intelligence, especially scientific and technical, worked with unprecedented tension.

Unequivocally answer: did Hitler have contacts with aliens? - is simply impossible. This remained a secret of the Third Reich, which can only be opened by the aliens themselves or the documents found preserved in the secret caches of the SD. As long as neither one nor the other has happened, one has to rely on circumstantial facts.

Having fifty-seven submarines at the end of the thirties, Germany managed to build one thousand one hundred and fifty-three super-modern submarines at its shipyards during the four years of the war and put them into operation. That is, they took part in the hostilities. And this is despite the shortage of many strategically important materials, and in the last two years, under the bombing of entire cities from the face of the earth!

The Soviet, British and American command experienced a fair amount of surprise and even a certain shock when they got the opportunity to get acquainted with the whole, undamaged German submarines captured along with the crews. How did they strike the imagination of the sailors of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition?

German submarines, unlike the Allied boats, had an almost silent underwater course, which made it difficult to detect them using hydroacoustics. The fuel they carried on board allowed them to operate without refueling at a distance of eight and a half thousand miles from the base, which at that time was considered almost unbelievable. The German submarines differed from the Allied boats in their low silhouette inconspicuous at sea, excellent maneuverability, an improved rudder system, had two periscopes, and were armed with an 88-mm cannon in the bow and a 20-mm anti-aircraft gun in the superstructure of the wheelhouse.

The submarines carried on board ultra-modern "homing electric torpedoes" for that period - they did not leave a characteristic trace of air bubbles on the surface of the water, which made it extremely difficult to detect them during a torpedo attack. The German boats were so well developed technologically that some of them, belonging to the VII series, were commissioned by the Soviet Navy and were in service until the end of the 1950s, and one boat was in service until the early 1970s.

The difference between the German submarines was that they had a snorkel - special devices that supplied air to the diesel engines of the boat when it was submerged. Ordinary boats, when diving, turned off diesel engines and switched to electric motors. German boats were equipped with hydraulic control systems for mechanisms, a hydrodynamic log and many other technological innovations.

If the Nazis had contact with aliens, they may well have given them the opportunity to create more advanced weapons - such as nuclear submarines. But you need to be realistic and take into account that the Germans received and used with considerable success those technologies that they could introduce in the shortest possible time under war conditions with the development of modern industry and science.

The Nazis managed to create a jet fighter, which developed speeds of up to a thousand kilometers per hour and significantly surpassed in speed and armament any aircraft of all countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. It remains a mystery how in 1945, under the continuous bombing of the Allies, the Nazis managed to produce two thousand new combat vehicles in a matter of months and managed to use them in battles?! Germany developed a fundamentally new type of engine, and many historians are sure that if the Nazis had manufactured the Messerschmitt Me-163 jet fighter in the second half of 1944, the course of the war could have changed dramatically.

The American military archives and the archives of the Royal Air Force of Great Britain contain many reports of pilots who reported that during their flights over Germany they met strange aircraft that looked like British soldier's helmets - in the form of a "saucer". It is characteristic that they never said or wrote whether our aces had seen such devices.

Czech and German media in the early 90s of the XX century reported that the testimonies of nineteen soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht, who during the Second World War were on duty in Czechoslovakia, at one of the secret training grounds where new weapons were created and tested, were preserved. .

According to the testimony of witnesses, in the autumn of 1943 they observed the tests of an unusual aircraft, which was a silver disc with a diameter of about six meters with a truncated cone in the center and a teardrop-shaped cabin. Some noted that the device was armed with a tank-type cannon. At the bottom of the structure, made entirely of silver metal, were four pairs of small chassis. Nothing is known about the further fate of this device.

Quite naturally, the question arises: weren't these devices seen by American and British pilots? Perhaps our bombers and fighters also saw them, but they gave SMERSH a non-disclosure agreement?

Leads to serious reflections and missile technology of the Third Reich. And in the United States, information was leaked to the press that in the early 90s of the XX century, a detachment of three Nazi cosmonauts returned to Earth after 47 years of absence! Allegedly, they splashed down on the surface of the Atlantic Ocean. Even the date was called - April 2. Three young pilots were selected for this expedition on the personal instructions of the Fuhrer.

According to unnamed NASA experts, the three-stage rocket, made in Nazi Germany, launched into space from the Peenemünde test site in 1943, could be used for both scientific and military purposes. Surprisingly, the dates of the tests of an unknown aircraft made of silvery metal in the form of a “saucer” and the launch of a rocket with three astronauts coincide - were they sent to “visit” aliens? According to some reports, in the forty-seven years of their absence, they did not age at all and did not even suspect that a lot of time had passed here.

Everything connected with this incredible, science-fiction-like story immediately turned out to be strictly classified. Many journalists who tried to get confirmation or refutation of this fact were denied by NASA with any information. It has not been confirmed or denied. If this message is true, then the Nazi astronauts who returned to earth have unique information that the United States is not interested in divulging.

This is not a complete list of indirect facts that testify in favor of the fact that the Third Reich really had certain contacts with aliens who ended up on our planet voluntarily or due to some unfavorable circumstances for them.

One can only guess about the duration of these contacts and the methods of their implementation, since everything remained a deep secret. For several years, Hitler stubbornly repeated about the miracle weapon of retaliation: what exactly he had in mind remained unclear. Perhaps he was hoping for the soon promised return of the cosmonauts with new data or the arrival of another intergalactic expedition ready to provide military assistance to the Nazis? There are more than enough mysteries and ambiguities here.

The mystery of the contacts of the Third Reich with aliens remains unsolved, although many facts and, most importantly, the scientific and technical projects of the Nazis that have not been completed, make one shudder and be horrified.